Bystander Effect
In radiation health – bystander effects have a very specific meaning. It is a real pheonomena which, in some cases might even be positive.
*For the rest of us – bystander has always been thought to be psychological, imaginary or down right ugly with those who were not initially involved in an event becoming involved (and this also brings motivation into question). A negative “contamination” of people who might have been there – and thus believe they are involved. Usually this is detrimental to themselves, the actual event participants/event and the first responser who are trying to bring order out of chaos/bring the incident under control/clean up the mess/figure out what happened.
If I want to postulate – since the effect is real and chemically mediated at the cell, micro and organism level (ok, rainbow trout do have value other than food) perhaps by “bystander effect”is real in people, biologically mediated and has a positive survival effect – at least from a Darwinian perspective.
*(Please note – I have not gone out and done a literature search in the medical, psychological, sociological, anthropological or other discipline. If it is important – or I am completely off the wall – I am sure that one or more of the librarians reading this will not hesitate to set me straight; clarifying all the ways in which I am twisting reality to suit my current rant).
Back to the fish. Take a pool of water. Toss in some fish. Irradiate the fish. Take the fish out. Toss in the Bystander fish. The new fish will be affected by the radiation, even tho they weren’t in the pool at the time. Or – do it another way – take those fish – the original hapless zapped fish and toss them in with new fish in a nice clean pond. The bystanders in the new pond will also have enzyme changes matching the newly introduced fish. Can’t blame free radicals in the water. Radiation induces changes (i.e. energy transfer induces changes) which then can spread through a non-exposed population creating more change.
One of the things that happens is that a mechanism for increased accumulation of heavy metals in turned on in the fish. Rather than continuing work on increasing triggers, I think the scientists need to spend more time on figuring out how to turn some of these phenomena off.
After all, if bystander effect explains what happens to teenagers perhaps there could be a cure for the contagion that seems to flow from one to another without visible means giving them appalling tastes in music and sagging pants.
Huh. Curious. Huh. (And then…) *guffaw* !
With you on the saggy pants thing. Yuck!
Bystander effect. Someone probably already sent you stuff, but …
(1)
Psychol Bull. 2011 May 2. [Epub ahead of print]
The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention
in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies.
Fischer P, Krueger JI, Greitemeyer T, Vogrincic C, Kastenmüller A,
Frey D, Heene M, Wicher M, Kainbacher M.
Abstract
Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of
studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical
situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the
last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and
was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present
meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its
potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander
literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of
potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical
perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in
certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders
are a source of physical support for the potentially intervening
individual. In a fixed effects model, data from over 7,700
participants and 105 independent effect sizes revealed an overall
effect size of g = -0.35. The bystander effect was attenuated when
situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous),
perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs
of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This
pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model,
which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and
more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of
arousal and hence more helping. We also identified situations where
bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially
intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as
when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather
than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when
the bystanders were not strangers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011
APA, all rights reserved).
PMID: 21534650 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
(2)
Br J Soc Psychol. 2010 Dec;49(Pt 4):785-802. Epub 2010 Feb 1.
The implicit identity effect: identity primes, group size, and helping.
Levine M, Cassidy C, Jentzsch I.
Source
Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UK. m.levine@lancaster.ac.uk
Abstract
Three studies consider the implicit bystander effect in the light of
recent advances in social identity approaches to helping. Drawing on
the social identity model of deindividuation effects we argue that the
implicit bystander effect is shaped not by the number of others
imagined, but by who those others are imagined to be. Studies 1 and 2
demonstrate that, when group membership is primed, increasing group
size can facilitate helping in line with the norms and values of the
group. Study 3 explores mediation processes in group level helping. As
group size increases, female participants react faster to words
associated with communalism when others are imagined as women rather
than strangers. The paper demonstrates that group size and helping
behaviour is qualified by an implicit identity effect.
PMID: 20122306 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
(3)
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Dec;95(6):1429-39.
The responsive bystander: how social group membership and group size
can encourage as well as inhibit bystander intervention.
Levine M, Crowther S.
Source
Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom. m.levine@lancaster.ac.uk
Abstract
Four experiments explored the interaction of group size, social
categorization, and bystander behavior. In Study 1, increasing group
size inhibited intervention in a street violence scenario when
bystanders were strangers but encouraged intervention when bystanders
were friends. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings to social
category members. When gender identity was salient, group size
encouraged intervention when bystanders and victim shared social
category membership. In addition, group size interacted with
context-specific norms that both inhibit and encourage helping. Study
3 used physical co-presence and gender identities to examine these
social category effects. Increasing group size of women produced
greater helping of a female victim, but increasing group size of men
did not. Additionally, increasing numbers of out-group bystanders
resulted in less intervention from women but more intervention from
men. Study 4 replicated these findings with a measure of real-life
helping behavior. Taken together, the findings indicate that the
bystander effect is not a generic consequence of increasing group
size. When bystanders share group-level psychological relationships,
group size can encourage as well as inhibit helping.
PMID: 19025293 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]